Craniotomy – surgical access to the brain
Patient Education

Craniotomy for Tumor Removal

A clear, evidence-based guide explaining what a craniotomy is, why it is performed, how to prepare before surgery, and what to expect during recovery.

Appointment / Case Evaluation The Neuroknife Team
TYPE

Open neurosurgical approach

ANESTHESIA

Usually general anesthesia

BONE FLAP

Temporary removal & replacement

HOSPITAL STAY

Depends on diagnosis & complexity

What is a craniotomy?

A craniotomy is a neurosurgical procedure in which a portion of the skull (“bone flap”) is temporarily removed to allow safe access to the brain. At the end of the operation, the bone is replaced and securely fixed.

The location and size of the opening are individually planned based on the lesion and the safest surgical corridor. The goal is precise treatment while preserving healthy brain tissue and neurological function.

Why is a craniotomy performed?

A craniotomy may be recommended when controlled, direct access to the brain is required for diagnosis or treatment. The indication is determined after clinical evaluation, imaging, and a detailed discussion of goals with the patient.

Common indications

  • Brain tumors (benign or malignant)
  • Intracranial hemorrhage or evacuation of a clot/hematoma
  • Vascular lesions (e.g., aneurysms, arteriovenous malformations)
  • Traumatic brain injury requiring surgical intervention
  • Selected cases of epilepsy / functional neurosurgery
  • Biopsy or tissue sampling for diagnosis

How the plan is individualized

  • Goal definition with MRI/CT and selection of the safest surgical corridor
  • Protection of motor, language, and visual pathways when needed
  • Use of advanced technologies (neuronavigation, neuromonitoring) as appropriate
  • Multidisciplinary collaboration when indicated

Before surgery

Preparation focuses on safety and ensuring you fully understand the “why,” the “how,” and what to expect. Instructions are tailored to your medical history and condition.

1

Clinical assessment

Neurological examination, symptom review, and discussion of goals and alternatives.

2

Imaging & surgical planning

CT/MRI for precise targeting and planning of the safest approach.

3

Pre-operative evaluation

Blood tests, anesthesia assessment, medication review, and individualized instructions.

4

Day of surgery

Admission, final plan review, informed consent, and clarification of any remaining questions.

How is a craniotomy performed?

Although details vary by diagnosis, the procedure generally follows a defined sequence: safe access, lesion treatment, and anatomical reconstruction.

1

Anesthesia & positioning

Continuous monitoring by the anesthesia team and careful positioning to optimize access and safety.

2

Skin incision & bone flap creation

A precisely planned scalp incision is made according to pre-operative imaging and intra-operative neuronavigation. A tailored bone window is created to provide targeted, safe access to the affected brain region.

3

Microsurgical treatment

The pathology is addressed using advanced microsurgical techniques and technology, emphasizing precision and functional preservation.

4

Closure & bone replacement

The bone flap is replaced and the incision is closed to promote optimal healing.

After surgery: recovery & healing

Recovery depends on the condition treated, the brain region involved, and overall health. Follow-up plans and discharge instructions are always individualized.

First days

  • Monitoring in recovery or ICU when indicated
  • Frequent neurological assessments (speech, strength, alertness)
  • Pain control and complication prevention per protocol
  • Gradual mobilization and transition to the ward

At home & follow-up

  • Fatigue is common during the first weeks
  • Gradual increase in activity as instructed
  • Follow-up visits and imaging when indicated
  • Rehabilitation/physical therapy in selected cases

Risks & potential complications

All surgery carries potential risks. Our approach emphasizes prevention, early recognition, and safe management through individualized planning.

Possible complications (examples)

  • Infection (wound and/or deeper tissues)
  • Bleeding or hematoma
  • Brain swelling (edema)
  • Seizures
  • Neurological deficits (e.g., strength, speech, vision), depending on location
  • Thrombosis / thromboembolic events
  • Anesthesia-related complications

When to contact us urgently

After discharge, contact your care team if you experience new, worsening, or concerning symptoms.

Contact us if you notice

  • Fever or signs of wound infection
  • Severe or worsening headache, confusion, or drowsiness
  • New weakness, speech, or visual changes
  • Seizure
  • Persistent vomiting or marked neck stiffness

Frequently asked questions (FAQ)

Concise answers to common patient questions. Your final plan is always individualized.

How long does a craniotomy take?
Total operative time (including anesthesia) depends on the diagnosis, exact location of the lesion, and technical complexity. In general, it may range from approximately 1 hour to more than 10 hours. Neuroknife will provide a realistic, individualized estimate for your specific case.
How many days will I be hospitalized?
Length of stay depends on the type of procedure and recovery course. Many patients require only a few days, while more complex cases may need longer monitoring.
When can I drive or return to work?
This depends on your clinical status, the nature of your work, and whether there were seizures or neurological symptoms. You will receive clear guidance at discharge and during follow-up.
Will my entire head be shaved?
In most cases, no. Only a limited area of hair around the incision is trimmed to maintain hygiene and achieve a cosmetically favorable result.
When are sutures or clips removed?
Typically within 10–14 days, depending on closure technique, healing, and your care team’s recommendations.
When will follow-up MRI/CT be required?
Imaging follow-up is scheduled based on your diagnosis and treatment plan. Some cases require earlier imaging, while others are monitored at planned intervals.

Speak with a neurosurgical team

If you have been advised to undergo a craniotomy or would like a second opinion, our team can review your imaging and discuss a safe, individualized treatment strategy tailored to your case.

Appointment / Evaluation Contact
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